Talking to the world
A useful program reads input (from the keyboard, a file, a network call, or another program) and produces output (to the screen, a file, or another network call). CSS provides simple helpers for the basic cases and powerful libraries for the rest.
/* Style inputs based on validity */
input:invalid { border-color: red; }
input:focus { outline: 2px solid var(--brand); }Buffering and performance
Reading or writing one byte at a time is usually slow. CSS buffers I/O behind the scenes so that small reads and writes are batched into larger ones. When you need maximum performance — large log files, streaming uploads — drop down to the buffered or streaming APIs explicitly.
Closing resources
Files, sockets and database connections must be closed when you are done with them. Forgetting leaks operating-system resources and eventually crashes long-running programs. Use the language's built-in with / using / defer construct (it has a different name in each language) to guarantee cleanup happens.